Pablo Picasso, Self portrait, 1907

1. Pablo Picasso was born in Malaga, Spain on October 25, 1881. His father was an artist and art teacher in the classic European style.

Pablo Picasso, The old fisherman, 1895

2. As a teenager, Picasso studied at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid. There he learned how to paint realistic images of people and landscapes, just like his father had before him.

3. At school, Picasso began to question the conventional art wisdom in Europe. For example, why should a portrait strive to duplicate reality from a single viewpoint, when the recent invention of photography made it possible for anyone with the right equipment to accurately portray a person’s face?

Pablo Picasso, The old blind guitarist, 1903 // Pablo Picasso, A boy with pipe, 1905

4. In his early 20s, Picasso began to experiment with new ways to create meaning through unconventional brushwork styles and color palettes of blue and rose. His first exhibit was not a financial success.

5. Picasso moved to Paris and became friends with a group of painters and writers who were also pushing the boundaries of what was considered to be “acceptable” art in Europe. One of these avant-garde painters was the French post-Impressionist artist Paul Gaugin. Another was Henri Matisse.

Self Portraits: Paul Gaugin // Pablo Picasso // Henri Matisse

6. Gaugin and Matisse introduced Picasso to a variety of non-European art forms, viewpoints and ideas.

7. Picasso found one non-European art form particularly enchanting: African masks, traditionally used in ritual storytelling.

8. Inspired by the African art he’d seen, Picasso created the painting Les Demoiselles d’Avignon.

Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907

9. While most of Picasso’s friends disliked the multifaceted style of Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, he found a kindred spirit in George Braque. Together, they invented a new art form that embraced many angles and viewpoints. Matisse called this “Cubism.”

10. Picasso is known for Cubism — but he created much more than that. Throughout his life, Picasso kept learning and experimenting with new art forms and types of media, and he continued to paint, sculpt and draw in a variety of styles. Today he is considered to be one of the most influential European artists of the 20th century. Learn more about Picasso’s life.

For a deeper dive into modern art, watch the TED-Ed Lesson: How ancient art influenced modern art:

Image credits: Paintings by Pablo Picasso, Paul Gauguin and Henri Matisse. Animation by TED-Ed.

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Mary Kingsley first sailed to West Africa in 1893 with a bag packed for adventure. Fortunately, it was a waterproof bag. The contents? Quinine to ward off malaria, empty glass vials to fill with Science, and a translation of the phrase “the boat is upset” — which would soon prove itself quite useful.

When Kingsley wasn’t poking her umbrella at hippos from a canoe or discovering new species of fish, she was rocking the boat in England as that rarest of creatures — a female explorer. Her first book, Travels in West Africa, immediately became a bestseller. Warm, empathetic and often hilarious, Kingsley’s travel writing belongs on a bookshelf next to any collection of travel essays by Mark Twain, her American contemporary.

Kingsley died in Africa of typhoid at the age of 38.

To learn more about Mary Kingsley and other 19th-century female explorers, watch the TED-Ed animated video below. Then, scroll down for 4 more TED-Ed Animations to watch during Women’s History Month.

TED-Ed Animation: The contributions of female explorers.

TED-Ed Animation: The pharaoh that wouldn’t be forgotten.

TED-Ed Animation: Equality, sports and Title IX.

TED-Ed Animation: The true story of Sacajawea.

TED-Ed Animation: Where does the word ‘lady’ come from?