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Throughout the ages, artists have used their canvases to deliver powerful social messages and influence change.

So as stories about extreme weather and environmental catastrophe flood our daily newsfeeds, it’s no surprise that many filmmakers are grappling with the climate crisis — the single biggest planetary health threat facing us today.

From ravaged landscapes to terrifying dystopian societies, our media reveals our innermost fears and anxieties about the future of our world. Mental health professionals say that eco-anxiety, or the fear of environmental doom, is a natural response to a real threat — and movies, TV shows and books naturally reflect the moods of any given era. In fact, a growing number of young people worldwide are reporting increasing feelings of anxiety, anger, powerlessness, helplessness, guilt and dissatisfaction with government responses to the climate crisis.

But while humans may have been imagining the apocalypse for literally hundreds of years — they’ve also been dreaming of a cleaner, more beautiful, more just world. In that spirit, these nine films are reimagining the “cli-fi” genre with stories of hope and resilience — stories about communities coming together to avert catastrophe and stubborn individuals who go up against powerful forces to safeguard the future.

Fantasy

1. The Sea Beast (2022)

In a world where terrifying beasts roam the high seas and ravage coastal towns, monster hunters like the great Jacob Holland are celebrated as heroes. But when a curious young girl, Maisie Brumble, stows away on his fabled ship, they embark on a journey into uncharted waters and discover there may be more to these creatures than meets the eye. This heart-warming film (which is also part of Netflix’s sustainability stories collection) is ultimately about questioning the stories we’re told and standing up for what’s right despite seemingly impossible odds.

The Sea Beast. Photo courtesy of Netflix.

2. Ponyo (2008)

Many of Studio Ghibli’s films tackle environmental issues, and Ponyo is no different. The film opens by highlighting how human activity in a harbor town has polluted the water with mounds of garbage and murky black sludge. On the surface, this is a story about the friendship between a young boy (Sasuke) and a magical fish that transforms into a little girl (Ponyo). But it’s also a story about Sasuke’s unconditional love for a marine creature and the ocean she inhabits, and the lengths he is willing to go to prove his devotion and save her home.

3. Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (2018)

Mowgli is an orphaned boy who was raised by a pack of wolves in the jungles of India and has always struggled with a sense of unbelonging. But as the human and animal worlds collide, Mowgli finds he alone is uniquely positioned to act as a bridge between these two forces. The film’s message rings clear: harmony and mutual respect between humans and nature is necessary for the survival and prosperity for all.

Romance

4. Falling Inn Love (2019)

Falling Inn Love stars eco-conscious designer, Gabriela, who wins a rustic New Zealand inn from a contest only to discover it’s run down from years of neglect. She teams up with local contractor and restoration expert Jake to restore the inn to its former glory while making eco-friendly upgrades. (And yes, plenty of flirting ensues!)

Falling Inn Love. Photo Courtesy of Netflix.

5. Weathering With You (2019)

Unlike most stories that illustrate catastrophe on a global scale, Weathering With You conveys the relatable everyday experience of living with the impacts of global warming. In a version of Tokyo, Japan, that experiences never-ending rain, a boy named Hodaka Morishima meets a girl named Hina Amano who can summon the sun — but at a great personal cost. The film demonstrates how an individual’s actions (and sacrifices) can make a huge difference in the grand scheme of things as long as you choose to prioritize the greater good.

6. Holiday in the Wild (2019)

Romantic comedy and wildlife conservation might be a peculiar combination for some, but Holiday in the Wild manages to make it sexy. After splitting up with her husband, Kate embarks on what was supposed to be a romantic vacation to Africa on her own. When Kate meets Derek, she’s whisked away into a world of elephant conservation where she finds renewed personal meaning — and gets a second chance at romance.

Adventure

7. Okja (2017)

Mija is a South Korean girl growing up on an idyllic mountainside with her grandfather and best friend: Okja, a giant “superpig.” When her beloved pet Okja is abruptly taken away from her, Mija embarks on a dangerous rescue mission that places her at the center of a sinister corporate conspiracy. The film raises thought-provoking ethical questions about animal farming, meat production and the impact of our dietary choices on the planet.

Okja. Photo courtesy of Netflix.

8. WALL-E (2008)

One of the most popular environmental films of the 2000s is none other than WALL-E, which stars a trash-compacting robot and a high-tech, egg-shaped robot named EVE. Against the backdrop of a polluted, uninhabitable Earth, the sentient pair of robots go to great lengths to save a living seedling and prove that the planet can — and should be — saved. While the film does show an apocalyptic scenario of Earth, the overarching message is that humanity can come together and heal the environment, no matter how far gone it may seem.

9. Tomorrowland (2015)

In Tomorrowland, Earth is almost certainly going to end in about two months. Although many feel resigned and refuse to do anything about it, the protagonist, Casey, refuses to give up. Her indomitable will and hope for the future reduce the probability of world catastrophe by a tiny percentage, but it is significant enough to make a difference. Overall, the story demonstrates that every individual can shape the future by remaining optimistic — and more importantly — actively doing something to shape it.

In this TED Talk, author and physics professor Vandana Singh reads from her latest work of speculative fiction and shares a hopeful vision for Earth’s renewal:

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Carla M. Delgado is a freelance health and science journalist based in the Philippines.

This piece was adapted for TED-Ed from this Ideas article.

Synthetic biologist Tal Danino manipulates microorganisms in his lab to create eye-catching, colorful patterns. Here’s a look at the process he uses to turn “Oh, yuck” into “Oh, wow.”

Synthetic biologist Tal Danino washes his hands constantly, one of the occupational hazards of working with bacteria all day at the Synthetic Biological Systems Lab, which he runs at New York City’s Columbia University. Danino, a TED Fellow, spends most of his time trying to harness bacteria’s unique properties — the same properties that can make them so dangerous for humans – and turn them into powerful cancer fighters. But when he’s not programming bacteria to fight cancer, he’s programming them to make art, in part to make difficult scientific principles more accessible. “It’s nice to use the visual arts to help communicate science,” he says, “and that’s because art really transcends the boundaries of language and also of knowledge.” Danino’s recent creative endeavors include a feminist installation of bacterial cultures taken from the bodies of 100 women (for which he collaborated with conceptual artist Anicka Yi), as well as a series of ceramic dishes inspired by naturally occurring bacterial patterns (a collaboration with artist and photographer Vik Muniz). For his latest project, Microuniverse, he produced a series of dazzling, abstract images created by different species of bacteria, each grown under different conditions for varying lengths of time. “The project is about getting to see this unseen universe that’s really small and all around us, every day,” he says. Here, he describes some of his strangely beautiful projects.

The intriguing aesthetics of bacteria

Every day, Danino observes the intricate patterns that bacteria form in dozens of petri dishes in his lab. As their cells grow, divide and communicate with each other, they self-organize into colonies to maximize their chances of survival. The patterns they form are determined by both their genetic makeup and their environment. Selecting bacteria that are known to generate certain patterns — for instance, E. coli naturally grows as a fractal, whereas Proteus mirabilis grows as concentric rings — as well as interesting-looking bacteria from soil samples taken in his own backyard, Danino and his team began to experiment with controlling their growth patterns. Ultimately, he hopes that if they could better understand how nature shapes behaviors and patterns in bacteria, it might in turn inspire their work engineering them to fight cancer.

Alter the environment, alter the design

By changing the conditions — like the temperature and humidity — under which the bacteria are grown, Danino found he was able to manipulate them into creating certain patterns. For instance, the optimal temperature for growth of many bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius, which is, unsurprisingly, the temperature of the human body. If it’s hotter or colder than 37 degrees, bacteria growth will simply slow. Humidity affects the bacteria in a different way: the drier the environment, the more likely the bacteria are to group together to conserve moisture. Changing the concentration of agar gel — the growth medium for bacteria — on the petri dish also affects patterning, says Danino. The softer the gel, the faster the bacteria spread across a wider area.

Wait and watch

Once Danino sets the initial conditions, he lets the bacteria grow and waits for the results. He used about 20 different species of bacteria for Microuniverse, letting them grow for as few as two days and as long as two months. Regardless of the conditions in which they’re raised, “each bacteria has a natural preference for a type of pattern,” he says. “And it has to do with the specifics of how bacteria swim and how they communicate with each other. They each have their own personalities, if you will.”

Colonies of color

It’s standard for scientists to use chemical dyes to gather information about a bacteria’s structure. If they want to distinguish Streptococcus pyogenes from E. coli, for instance, they will stain a dish to reveal the shapes of the cells, allowing them to identify them visually. “Scientists mostly look at just single-color images,” Danino says, “so we just played off of that.” In addition to traditional scientific dyes, he also experimented with using food coloring on the agar as well as on the bacteria themselves. He also tried out various color combinations to achieve a gradient effect, as in this image above.

Exposing an unseen universe

“Every framed image or every petri dish is its own little world,” Danino says. “Those patterns look like something that you could see in a snowflake, something that you could see underwater.” With each petri dish, the project aims to represent an abstract universe all its own. “I started seeing these petri dishes, and I was like, whoa, that looks like something you would see in outer space.” Hence, the name Microuniverse.

The process of molecular cloning

Danino’s art projects are something he does in his spare time. His days are taken up with work in synthetic biology, a relatively nascent scientific field which, broadly defined, involves engineering living organisms to achieve a desired behavior. In his lab, Danino edits and programs bacteria using a process called molecular cloning. After identifying which gene sequences create a certain biological function in a type of bacteria, he and his team can isolate these sequences, amplify them in the lab, and then insert them into the DNA of the bacteria they want to exhibit that function. “Nowadays, you can actually type in that sequence online, and a company will produce that sequence synthetically and send it to you in a tube,” Danino says.

Harnessing its anti-cancer potential

Recently, Danino and his team have been engineering bacteria — they’ve been working with E.coli, an E.coli probiotic, and Salmonella — to detect and treat cancer. Remarkably, bacteria can grow inside tumors where even the immune system can’t reach, and they can also be programmed to produce various toxins that cause tumor cell death. Using molecular cloning, Danino is attempting to program bacteria to detect and reveal tumors in the body and also to release cancer-fighting toxins once inside them. “It’s almost like a Trojan-horse type situation,” he explains. “Bacteria get into the tumor and then they start making the drug, and then the tumor can actually slow down or decay.”

A visual gateway to science

Danino hopes projects like Microuniverse will inspire people to learn more about the complex microbial worlds all around — and inside — us and to show them that bacteria can be used for positive purposes, like fighting cancer. “It’s really difficult to teach people about DNA and proteins and molecular cloning,” he says. “But I think when you see an image, regardless of your background, it attracts you to learn more about the science.” What’s next for the project: Danino has partnered with the company Print All Over Me to create custom apparel based on the images of bacteria from Microuniverse (part of the proceeds will go towards cancer research). He also hopes to continue touring Microuniverse, which will be on exhibit at MIT later in 2017. His lab is also working to capture time-lapse videos of the bacteria growth which means, that’s right, E. coli could be coming soon to a theater near you.

All images: Soonhee Moon. Author bio: Patrick D’Arcy is the Editorial Manager of the TED Fellows program.